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An algorithm which finds the least nonnegative value of sqrt(a (mod p)) for given a and prime p.

A Shanks (a,b)-chain is a sequence of primes p_i of the form p_(i+1)=ap_i^2-b, with a and b integers. On Sep. 1, 2000, P. Leyland found a (4, 17)-chain of length 6, and on ...

Let p(n) be the first prime which follows a prime gap of n between consecutive primes. Shanks' conjecture holds that p(n)∼exp(sqrt(n)). Wolf conjectures a slightly different ...

Let alpha(G) denote the independence number of a graph G. Then the Shannon capacity Theta(G), sometimes also denoted c(G), of G is defined as ...

The negative derivative S(v)=-D_(v)N (1) of the unit normal N vector field of a surface is called the shape operator (or Weingarten map or second fundamental tensor). The ...

Consider the sum (1) where the x_js are nonnegative and the denominators are positive. Shapiro (1954) asked if f_n(x_1,x_2,...,x_n)>=1/2n (2) for all n. It turns out ...

A problem also known as the points problem or unfinished game. Consider a tournament involving k players playing the same game repetitively. Each game has a single winner, ...

Order the natural numbers as follows: Now let F be a continuous function from the reals to the reals and suppose p≺q in the above ordering. Then if F has a point of least ...

The Sharpe ratio is a risk-adjusted financial measure developed by Nobel Laureate William Sharpe. It uses a fund's standard deviation and excess return to determine the ...

A generalization of the Bessel differential equation for functions of order 0, given by zy^('')+y^'+(z+A)y=0. Solutions are y=e^(+/-iz)_1F_1(1/2∓1/2iA;1;∓2iz), where ...