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Cartesian coordinates are rectilinear two- or three-dimensional coordinates (and therefore a special case of curvilinear coordinates) which are also called rectangular ...

The distance between two points is the length of the path connecting them. In the plane, the distance between points (x_1,y_1) and (x_2,y_2) is given by the Pythagorean ...

The Jacobi polynomials, also known as hypergeometric polynomials, occur in the study of rotation groups and in the solution to the equations of motion of the symmetric top. ...

A schematic diagram used in logic theory to depict collections of sets and represent their relationships. The Venn diagrams on two and three sets are illustrated above. The ...

A connective in logic known as the "exclusive or," or exclusive disjunction. It yields true if exactly one (but not both) of two conditions is true. The XOR operation does ...

The modern definition of the q-hypergeometric function is _rphi_s[alpha_1,alpha_2,...,alpha_r; beta_1,...,beta_s;q,z] ...

If p is a prime number and a is a natural number, then a^p=a (mod p). (1) Furthermore, if pa (p does not divide a), then there exists some smallest exponent d such that ...

An antimagic square is an n×n array of integers from 1 to n^2 such that each row, column, and main diagonal produces a different sum such that these sums form a sequence of ...

Bridge is a card game played with a normal deck of 52 cards. The number of possible distinct 13-card hands is N=(52; 13)=635013559600, (1) where (n; k) is a binomial ...

The Buffon-Laplace needle problem asks to find the probability P(l,a,b) that a needle of length l will land on at least one line, given a floor with a grid of equally spaced ...