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A four-vector a_mu is said to be lightlike if its four-vector norm satisfies a_mua^mu=0. One should note that the four-vector norm is nothing more than a special case of the ...

A quantity used to test nested hypotheses. Let H^' be a nested hypothesis with n^' degrees of freedom within H (which has n degrees of freedom), then calculate the maximum ...

The limaçon trisectrix is a trisectrix that is a special case of the rose curve with n=1/3 (possibly with translation, rotation, and scaling). It was studied by Archimedes, ...

A point about which inversion of two circles produced concentric circles. Every pair of distinct circles has two limiting points. The limiting points correspond to the point ...

If the random variates X_1, X_2, ... satisfy the Lindeberg condition, then for all a<b, lim_(n->infty)P(a<(S_n)/(s_n)<b)=Phi(b)-Phi(a), where Phi is the normal distribution ...

A Lindenmayer system, also known as an L-system, is a string rewriting system that can be used to generate fractals with dimension between 1 and 2. Several example fractals ...

The distance between two skew lines with equations x = x_1+(x_2-x_1)s (1) x = x_3+(x_4-x_3)t (2) is given by D=(|(x_3-x_1)·[(x_2-x_1)x(x_4-x_3)]|)/(|(x_2-x_1)x(x_4-x_3)|) (3) ...

The line integral of a vector field F(x) on a curve sigma is defined by int_(sigma)F·ds=int_a^bF(sigma(t))·sigma^'(t)dt, (1) where a·b denotes a dot product. In Cartesian ...

Pairs of points of a line, the product of whose distances from a fixed point is a given constant. This is more concisely defined as a projectivity of period two. If ...

Line segment picking is the process of picking line segments at random within a given shape in the plane, in space, or in a higher dimension. The most natural definition of a ...