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The Fermat quotient for a number a and a prime base p is defined as q_p(a)=(a^(p-1)-1)/p. (1) If pab, then q_p(ab) = q_p(a)+q_p(b) (2) q_p(p+/-1) = ∓1 (3) (mod p), where the ...

A fiber of a map f:X->Y is the preimage of an element y in Y. That is, f^(-1)(y)={x in X:f(x)=y}. For instance, let X and Y be the complex numbers C. When f(z)=z^2, every ...

French curves are plastic (or wooden) templates having an edge composed of several different curves. French curves are used in drafting (or were before computer-aided design) ...

Let G be a group and S be a topological G-set. Then a closed subset F of S is called a fundamental domain of G in S if S is the union of conjugates of F, i.e., S= union _(g ...

For all n, there exists a k such that the kth term of the Goodstein sequence G_k(n)=0. In other words, every Goodstein sequence converges to 0. The secret underlying ...

A presentation of a group is a description of a set I and a subset R of the free group F(I) generated by I, written <(x_i)_(i in I)|(r)_(r in R)>, where r=1 (the identity ...

An apodization function chosen to minimize the height of the highest sidelobe (Hamming and Tukey 1949, Blackman and Tukey 1959). The Hamming function is given by ...

An apodization function, also called the Hann function, frequently used to reduce leakage in discrete Fourier transforms. The illustrations above show the Hanning function, ...

To solve the heat conduction equation on a two-dimensional disk of radius a=1, try to separate the equation using U(r,theta,t)=R(r)Theta(theta)T(t). (1) Writing the theta and ...

Hermite-Gauss quadrature, also called Hermite quadrature, is a Gaussian quadrature over the interval (-infty,infty) with weighting function W(x)=e^(-x^2) (Abramowitz and ...