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A Lucas chain for an integer n>=1 is an increasing sequence 1=a_0<a_1<a_2<...<a_r=n of integers such that every a_k, k>=1, can be written as a sum a_k=a_i+a_j of smaller ...

The game of nim appearing in Alain Resnais' film Last Year at Marienbad (L'année dernière à Marienbad, 1961). In Marienbad, two players alternately draw counters from one of ...

The fundamental theorem of game theory which states that every finite, zero-sum, two-person game has optimal mixed strategies. It was proved by John von Neumann in 1928. ...

The ratio X/Y of independent normally distributed variates with zero mean is distributed with a Cauchy distribution. This can be seen as follows. Let X and Y both have mean 0 ...

A Banach space X is called prime if each infinite-dimensional complemented subspace of X is isomorphic to X (Lindenstrauss and Tzafriri 1977). Pełczyński (1960) proved that ...

Given an integer sequence {a_n}_(n=1)^infty, a prime number p is said to be a primitive prime factor of the term a_n if p divides a_n but does not divide any a_m for m<n. It ...

The signature of a non-degenerate quadratic form Q=y_1^2+y_2^2+...+y_p^2-y_(p+1)^2-y_(p+2)^2-...-y_r^2 of rank r is most often defined to be the ordered pair (p,q)=(p,r-p) of ...

A random variable is a measurable function from a probability space (S,S,P) into a measurable space (S^',S^') known as the state space (Doob 1996). Papoulis (1984, p. 88) ...

A separable extension K of a field F is one in which every element's algebraic number minimal polynomial does not have multiple roots. In other words, the minimal polynomial ...

A sparse matrix is a matrix that allows special techniques to take advantage of the large number of "background" (commonly zero) elements. The number of zeros a matrix needs ...