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A "law of large numbers" is one of several theorems expressing the idea that as the number of trials of a random process increases, the percentage difference between the ...

The constant e is base of the natural logarithm. e is sometimes known as Napier's constant, although its symbol (e) honors Euler. e is the unique number with the property ...

An augmented matrix is a matrix obtained by adjoining a row or column vector, or sometimes another matrix with the same vertical dimension. The most common use of an ...

A column-convex self-avoiding polygon which contains the bottom edge of its minimal bounding rectangle. The anisotropic perimeter and area generating function ...

The quartic curve given by the implicit equation (x^2-a^2)(x-a)^2+(y^2-a^2)^2=0, (1) so-named because of its resemblance to a tooth. The bicuspid curve has cusps at (a,-a) ...

The functions describing the horizontal and vertical positions of a point on a circle as a function of angle (cosine and sine) and those functions derived from them: cotx = ...

A surface of revolution which is generalization of the ring torus. It is produced by rotating an ellipse having horizontal semi-axis a, vertical semi-axis b, embedded in the ...

The elongated pentagonal gyrobirotunda is a convex equilateral gyrobirotunda having regular pentagonal upper and lower birotundas arranged rotated 1/10 of a turn with respect ...

The elongated pentagonal orthobirotunda is a convex equilateral orthobirotunda having regular pentagonal upper and lower rotundas arranged symmetrically with respect to each ...

The distance d(u,v) between two vertices u and v of a finite graph is the minimum length of the paths connecting them (i.e., the length of a graph geodesic). If no such path ...