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The word adjoint has a number of related meanings. In linear algebra, it refers to the conjugate transpose and is most commonly denoted A^(H). The analogous concept applied ...

The algebraic connectivity of a graph is the numerically second smallest eigenvalue (counting multiple eigenvalues separately) of the Laplacian matrix of a graph G. In other ...

Every irrational number x has an approximation constant c(x) defined by c(x)=lim inf_(q->infty)q|qx-p|, where p=nint(qx) is the nearest integer to qx and lim inf is the ...

A general class of means introduced by Italian mathematician Oscar Chisini (pronounced keeseenee) in 1929. Given a function of n variables f(x_1,...,x_n), the Chisini mean of ...

A coequalizer of a pair of maps f,g:X->Y in a category is a map c:Y->C such that 1. c degreesf=c degreesg, where degrees denotes composition. 2. For any other map c^':Y->C^' ...

A prime factorization algorithm which uses residues produced in the continued fraction of sqrt(mN) for some suitably chosen m to obtain a square number. The algorithm solves ...

A planar polygon is convex if it contains all the line segments connecting any pair of its points. Thus, for example, a regular pentagon is convex (left figure), while an ...

A set of n variables which fix a geometric object. If the coordinates are distances measured along perpendicular axes, they are known as Cartesian coordinates. The study of ...

The covariant derivative of a contravariant tensor A^a (also called the "semicolon derivative" since its symbol is a semicolon) is given by A^a_(;b) = ...

If A=(a_(ij)) is a diagonal matrix, then Q(v)=v^(T)Av=suma_(ii)v_i^2 (1) is a diagonal quadratic form, and Q(v,w)=v^(T)Aw is its associated diagonal symmetric bilinear form. ...