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Written in the notation of partial derivatives, the d'Alembertian square ^2 in a flat spacetime is defined by square ^2=del ^2-1/(c^2)(partial^2)/(partialt^2), where c is the ...

An additive group is a group where the operation is called addition and is denoted +. In an additive group, the identity element is called zero, and the inverse of the ...

The adjective "affine" indicates everything that is related to the geometry of affine spaces. A coordinate system for the n-dimensional affine space R^n is determined by any ...

A category consists of three things: a collection of objects, for each pair of objects a collection of morphisms (sometimes call "arrows") from one to another, and a binary ...

In order to find integers x and y such that x^2=y^2 (mod n) (1) (a modified form of Fermat's factorization method), in which case there is a 50% chance that GCD(n,x-y) is a ...

There are three types of so-called fundamental forms. The most important are the first and second (since the third can be expressed in terms of these). The fundamental forms ...

Gauge theory studies principal bundle connections, called gauge fields, on a principal bundle. These connections correspond to fields, in physics, such as an electromagnetic ...

Given a compact manifold M and a transversely orientable codimension-one foliation F on M which is tangent to partialM, the pair (M,F) is called a generalized Reeb component ...

A Lie group is a smooth manifold obeying the group properties and that satisfies the additional condition that the group operations are differentiable. This definition is ...

The moment of inertia with respect to a given axis of a solid body with density rho(r) is defined by the volume integral I=intrho(r)r__|_^2dV, (1) where r__|_ is the ...