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Given a plane ax+by+cz+d=0 (1) and a point x_0=(x_0,y_0,z_0), the normal vector to the plane is given by v=[a; b; c], (2) and a vector from the plane to the point is given by ...

For a scalar function f over a surface parameterized by u and v, the surface integral is given by Phi = int_Sfda (1) = int_Sf(u,v)|T_uxT_v|dudv, (2) where T_u and T_v are ...

In the biconjugate gradient method, the residual vector r^((i)) can be regarded as the product of r^((0)) and an ith degree polynomial in A, i.e., r^((i))=P_i(A)r^((0)). (1) ...

The cokernel of a group homomorphism f:A-->B of Abelian groups (modules, or abstract vector spaces) is the quotient group (quotient module or quotient space, respectively) ...

If A is an n×n square matrix and lambda is an eigenvalue of A, then the union of the zero vector 0 and the set of all eigenvectors corresponding to eigenvalues lambda is ...

The degree (or relative degree, or index) of an extension field K/F, denoted [K:F], is the dimension of K as a vector space over F, i.e., [K:F]=dim_FK. If [K:F] is finite, ...

f(I) is the collection of all real-valued continuous functions defined on some interval I. f^((n))(I) is the collection of all functions in f(I) with continuous nth ...

A polynomial factorization algorithm that proceeds by considering the vector of coefficients of a polynomial P, calculating b_i=P(i)/a_i, constructing the Lagrange ...

Let M subset R^3 be a regular surface and u_(p) a unit tangent vector to M, and let Pi(u_(p),N(p)) be the plane determined by u_(p) and the normal to the surface N(p). Then ...

A regular local ring is a local ring R with maximal ideal m so that m can be generated with exactly d elements where d is the Krull dimension of the ring R. Equivalently, R ...