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A polyomino tiling is a tiling of the plane by specified types of polyominoes. Tiling by polyominoes has been investigated since at least the late 1950s, particularly by S. ...

A power series in a variable z is an infinite sum of the form sum_(i=0)^inftya_iz^i, where a_i are integers, real numbers, complex numbers, or any other quantities of a given ...

A sieving procedure that can be used in conjunction with Dixon's factorization method to factor large numbers n. Pick values of r given by r=|_sqrt(n)_|+k, (1) where k=1, 2, ...

The word quantile has no fewer than two distinct meanings in probability. Specific elements x in the range of a variate X are called quantiles, and denoted x (Evans et al. ...

For a real positive t, the Riemann-Siegel Z function is defined by Z(t)=e^(itheta(t))zeta(1/2+it). (1) This function is sometimes also called the Hardy function or Hardy ...

The roots (sometimes also called "zeros") of an equation f(x)=0 are the values of x for which the equation is satisfied. Roots x which belong to certain sets are usually ...

Let a number n be written in binary as n=(epsilon_kepsilon_(k-1)...epsilon_1epsilon_0)_2, (1) and define b_n=sum_(i=0)^(k-1)epsilon_iepsilon_(i+1) (2) as the number of digits ...

Let alpha(G) denote the independence number of a graph G. Then the Shannon capacity Theta(G), sometimes also denoted c(G), of G is defined as ...

There are certain optimization problems that become unmanageable using combinatorial methods as the number of objects becomes large. A typical example is the traveling ...

A spherical triangle is a figure formed on the surface of a sphere by three great circular arcs intersecting pairwise in three vertices. The spherical triangle is the ...