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Given a commutative unit ring R and an extension ring S, an element s of S is called integral over R if it is one of the roots of a monic polynomial with coefficients in R.

A Fredholm integral equation of the second kind phi(x)=f(x)+lambdaint_a^bK(x,t)phi(t)dt (1) may be solved as follows. Take phi_0(x) = f(x) (2) phi_1(x) = ...

An extension ring R subset= S such that every element of S is integral over R.

The symbol int used to denote an integral intf(x)dx. The symbol was invented by Leibniz and chosen to be a stylized script "S" to stand for "summation."

A function of the coordinates which is constant along a trajectory in phase space. The number of degrees of freedom of a dynamical system such as the Duffing differential ...

The quantity being integrated, also called the integral kernel. For example, in intf(x)dx, f(x) is the integrand.

A discrete subset of R^s which is closed under addition and subtraction and which contains Z^s as a subset.

Let E be a set of expressions representing real, single-valued partially defined functions of one real variable. Let E^* be the set of functions represented by expressions in ...

A definition of a set by mentioning a defining property.

Interest is a fee (or payment) made for the borrowing (or lending) of money. The two most common types of interest are simple interest, for which interest is paid only on the ...