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The term multigraph refers to a graph in which multiple edges between nodes are either permitted (Harary 1994, p. 10; Gross and Yellen 1999, p. 4) or required (Skiena 1990, ...

Napier's bones, also called Napier's rods, are numbered rods which can be used to perform multiplication of any number by a number 2-9. By placing "bones" corresponding to ...

The nearest integer function, also called nint or the round function, is defined such that nint(x) is the integer closest to x. While the notation |_x] is sometimes used to ...

For every dimension n>0, the orthogonal group O(n) is the group of n×n orthogonal matrices. These matrices form a group because they are closed under multiplication and ...

An algorithm which can be used to find integer relations between real numbers x_1, ..., x_n such that a_1x_1+a_2x_2+...+a_nx_n=0, with not all a_i=0. Although the algorithm ...

Approximants derived by expanding a function as a ratio of two power series and determining both the numerator and denominator coefficients. Padé approximations are usually ...

The Pierce expansion, or alternated Egyptian product, of a real number 0<x<1 is the unique increasing sequence {a_1,a_2,...} of positive integers a_i such that ...

The plastic constant P, sometimes also called le nombre radiant, the minimal Pisot number, plastic number, plastic ratio, platin number, Siegel's number, or silver number, is ...

A polyomino tiling is a tiling of the plane by specified types of polyominoes. Tiling by polyominoes has been investigated since at least the late 1950s, particularly by S. ...

A pseudoprime is a composite number that passes a test or sequence of tests that fail for most composite numbers. Unfortunately, some authors drop the "composite" ...