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An n-dimensional open ball of radius r is the collection of points of distance less than r from a fixed point in Euclidean n-space. Explicitly, the open ball with center x ...

An open interval is an interval that does not include its end points. The open interval {x:a<x<b} is denoted (a,b), although the nonstandard notation ]a,b[ is sometimes also ...

A set of residues {a_1,a_2,...,a_(k+1)} (mod n) such that every nonzero residue can be uniquely expressed in the form a_i-a_j. Examples include {1,2,4} (mod 7) and {1,2,5,7} ...

A square matrix A such that the matrix power A^(k+1)=A for k a positive integer is called a periodic matrix. If k is the least such integer, then the matrix is said to have ...

A sequence in which no term divides any other. Let S_n be the set {1,...,n}, then the number of primitive subsets of S_n are 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 33, 45, 73, 103, 205, 253, ...

Quasirandom numbers are numbers selected from a quasirandom sequence. Such numbers are useful in computational problems such as quasi-Monte Carlo integration.

Closed forms are known for the sums of reciprocals of even-indexed Fibonacci numbers P_F^((e)) = sum_(n=1)^(infty)1/(F_(2n)) (1) = ...

A diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements all contain the same scalar lambda. A scalar matrix is therefore equivalent to lambdaI, where I is the identity matrix.

Let a sequence {a_i}_(i=1)^infty be strictly increasing and composed of nonnegative integers. Call A(x) the number of terms not exceeding x. Then the density is given by ...

For a set S, the span is defined by maxS-minS, where max is the maximum and min is the minimum.