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A 4-state two-dimensional Turing machine invented in the 1980s. The ant starts out on a grid containing black and white cells, and then follows the following set of rules. 1. ...

The Lyapunov characteristic exponent [LCE] gives the rate of exponential divergence from perturbed initial conditions. To examine the behavior of an orbit around a point ...

Picking two independent sets of points x and y from a unit uniform distribution and placing them at coordinates (x,y) gives points uniformly distributed over the unit square. ...

A transcendental number is a (possibly complex) number that is not the root of any integer polynomial, meaning that it is not an algebraic number of any degree. Every real ...

Vassiliev invariants, discovered around 1989, provided a radically new way of looking at knots. The notion of finite type (a.k.a. Vassiliev) knot invariants was independently ...

A busy beaver is an n-state, 2-color Turing machine which writes a maximum number Sigma(n) of 1s before halting (Rado 1962; Lin and Rado 1965; Shallit 1998). Alternatively, ...

The Dottie number is the name given by Kaplan (2007) to the unique real root of cosx=x (namely, the unique real fixed point of the cosine function), which is 0.739085... ...

The function frac(x) giving the fractional (noninteger) part of a real number x. The symbol {x} is sometimes used instead of frac(x) (Graham et al. 1994, p. 70; Havil 2003, ...

A hash function H projects a value from a set with many (or even an infinite number of) members to a value from a set with a fixed number of (fewer) members. Hash functions ...

Two graphs which contain the same number of graph vertices connected in the same way are said to be isomorphic. Formally, two graphs G and H with graph vertices ...