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Let (X,tau) be a topological space, and let p in X. Then the arc component of p is union {A subset= X:A is an arc and p in A}.

An integer that is either 0 or positive, i.e., a member of the set Z^*={0} union Z^+, where Z-+ denotes the positive integers.

An integer that is either 0 or negative, i.e., a member of the set {0} union Z^-, where Z-- denotes the negative integers.

van der Waerden's theorem is a theorem about the existence of arithmetic progressions in sets. The theorem can be stated in four equivalent forms. 1. If N=C_1 union C_2 union ...

The Tutte 8-cage (Godsil and Royle 2001, p. 59; right figure) is a cubic graph on 30 nodes and 45 edges which is the Levi graph of the Cremona-Richmond configuration. It ...

Let A and B_j be sets. Conditional probability requires that P(A intersection B_j)=P(A)P(B_j|A), (1) where intersection denotes intersection ("and"), and also that P(A ...

Let Q_i denote anything subject to weighting by a normalized linear scheme of weights that sum to unity in a set W. The Kolmogorov axioms state that 1. For every Q_i in W, ...

The spectrum of a ring is the set of proper prime ideals, Spec(R)={p:p is a prime ideal in R}. (1) The classical example is the spectrum of polynomial rings. For instance, ...

Every "large" even number may be written as 2n=p+m where p is a prime and m in P union P_2 is the set of primes P and semiprimes P_2.

A theorem in set theory stating that, for all sets A and B, the following equivalences hold, A subset B<=>A intersection B=A<=>A union B=B.