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cos(pi/(32)) = 1/2sqrt(2+sqrt(2+sqrt(2+sqrt(2)))) (1) cos((3pi)/(32)) = 1/2sqrt(2+sqrt(2+sqrt(2-sqrt(2)))) (2) cos((5pi)/(32)) = 1/2sqrt(2+sqrt(2-sqrt(2-sqrt(2)))) (3) ...

cos(pi/8) = 1/2sqrt(2+sqrt(2)) (1) cos((3pi)/8) = 1/2sqrt(2-sqrt(2)) (2) cot(pi/8) = 1+sqrt(2) (3) cot((3pi)/8) = sqrt(2)-1 (4) csc(pi/8) = sqrt(4+2sqrt(2)) (5) csc((3pi)/8) ...

int_0^(pi/2)cos^nxdx = int_0^(pi/2)sin^nxdx (1) = (sqrt(pi)Gamma(1/2(n+1)))/(nGamma(1/2n)) (2) = ((n-1)!!)/(n!!){1/2pi for n=2, 4, ...; 1 for n=3, 5, ..., (3) where Gamma(n) ...

The Gudermannian function is the odd function denoted either gamma(x) or gd(x) which arises in the inverse equations for the Mercator projection. phi(y)=gd(y) expresses the ...

For n a positive integer, expressions of the form sin(nx), cos(nx), and tan(nx) can be expressed in terms of sinx and cosx only using the Euler formula and binomial theorem. ...

The coversine is a little-used entire trigonometric function defined by covers(z) = versin(1/2pi-z) (1) = 1-sinz, (2) where versin(z) is the versine and sinz is the sine. The ...

The haversine, also called the haversed sine, is a little-used entire trigonometric function defined by hav(z) = 1/2vers(z) (1) = 1/2(1-cosz) (2) = sin^2(1/2z), (3) where ...

Niven's theorem states that if x/pi and sinx are both rational, then the sine takes values 0, +/-1/2, and +/-1. Particular cases include sin(pi) = 0 (1) sin(pi/2) = 1 (2) ...

The versine, also known as the "versed sine," is a little-used trigonometric function defined by versin(z) = 2sin^2(1/2z) (1) = 1-cosz, (2) where sinz is the sine and cosz is ...

The beta function B(p,q) is the name used by Legendre and Whittaker and Watson (1990) for the beta integral (also called the Eulerian integral of the first kind). It is ...