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The integral closure of a commutative unit ring R in an extension ring S is the set of all elements of S which are integral over R. It is a subring of S containing R.

A proper ideal of a ring that is not the intersection of two ideals which properly contain it. In a principal ideal domain, the ideal I=<a> is irreducible iff a=0 or a is an ...

The dimension d of any irreducible representation of a group G must be a divisor of the index of each maximal normal Abelian subgroup of G. Note that while Itô's theorem was ...

The Jacobian group of a one-dimensional linear series is given by intersections of the base curve with the Jacobian curve of itself and two curves cutting the series.

Finding the densest not necessarily periodic sphere packing.

The Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection is a cylindrical equal-area projection with standard parallel phi_s=0 degrees.

A root-finding algorithm also called Bailey's method and Hutton's method. For a function of the form g(x)=x^d-r, Lambert's method gives an iteration function ...

The polyhedron resulting from letting each sphere in a sphere packing expand uniformly until it touches its neighbors on flat faces.

Let each sphere in a sphere packing expand uniformly until it touches its neighbors on flat faces. Call the resulting polyhedron the local cell. Then the local density is ...

A topological space is locally connected at the point x if every neighborhood of x contains a connected open neighborhood. It is called locally connected if it is locally ...