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Given a contravariant basis {e^->_1,...,e^->_n}, its dual covariant basis is given by e^->^alpha·e^->_beta=g(e^->^alpha,e^->_beta)=delta_beta^alpha, where g is the metric and ...

Let A, B, and C be three polar vectors, and define V_(ijk) = |A_i B_i C_i; A_j B_j C_j; A_k B_k C_k| (1) = det[A B C], (2) where det is the determinant. The V_(ijk) is a ...

A knot K is an n-embeddable knot if it can be placed on a genus n standard embedded surface without crossings, but K cannot be placed on any standardly embedded surface of ...

An equilateral polygon is a polygon whose edges are all of equal length (Williams 1979, pp. 31-32). The most prominent examples of equilateral polygons are the regular ...

A ring without zero divisors in which an integer norm and an associated division algorithm (i.e., a Euclidean algorithm) can be defined. For signed integers, the usual norm ...

For signed distances on a line segment, AB^_·CD^_+AC^_·DB^_+AD^_·BC^_=0, since (b-a)(d-c)+(c-a)(b-d)+(d-a)(c-b)=0.

Also known as the difference of squares method. It was first used by Fermat and improved by Gauss. Gauss looked for integers x and y satisfying y^2=x^2-N (mod E) for various ...

If the tangents at B and C to the circumcircle of a triangle DeltaABC intersect in a point K_1, then the circle with center K_1 and which passes through B and C is called the ...

A function whose value increases more quickly than any polynomial is said to be an exponentially increasing function. The prototypical example is the function e^x, plotted ...

Given T an unbiased estimator of theta so that <T>=theta. Then var(T)>=1/(Nint_(-infty)^infty[(partial(lnf))/(partialtheta)]^2fdx), where var is the variance.