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The Euler-Lagrange differential equation is the fundamental equation of calculus of variations. It states that if J is defined by an integral of the form J=intf(t,y,y^.)dt, ...

A pair (M,omega), where M is a manifold and omega is a symplectic form on M. The phase space R^(2n)=R^n×R^n is a symplectic manifold. Near every point on a symplectic ...

A mathematical object invented to solve irreducible congruences of the form F(x)=0 (mod p), where p is prime.

A spherical harmonic of the form sin(mphi)P_m^m(costheta) or cos(mphi)P_m^m(costheta).

A long division in which most or all of the digits are replaced by a symbol (usually asterisks) to form a cryptarithmetic.

The word "convergent" has a number of different meanings in mathematics. Most commonly, it is an adjective used to describe a convergent sequence or convergent series, where ...

A congruence of the form f(x)=0 (mod n) where f(x) is an integer polynomial (Nagell 1951, p. 73).

A knot used to join the ends of two ropes together to form a longer length.

The difference of two complex numbers z=x+iy and z^'=x^'+iy^' is given by z-z^'=(x-x^')+i(y-y^'). In component form, (x,y)-(x^',y^')=(x-x^',y-y^').

An equation of the form y=ax^3+bx^2+cx+d where only one root is real.