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A fractional ideal is a generalization of an ideal in a ring R. Instead, a fractional ideal is contained in the number field F, but has the property that there is an element ...

A semigroup S is said to be an inverse semigroup if, for every a in S, there is a unique b (called the inverse of a) such that a=aba and b=bab. This is equivalent to the ...

A square matrix A is a special orthogonal matrix if AA^(T)=I, (1) where I is the identity matrix, and the determinant satisfies detA=1. (2) The first condition means that A ...

A square matrix U is a special unitary matrix if UU^*=I, (1) where I is the identity matrix and U^* is the conjugate transpose matrix, and the determinant is detU=1. (2) The ...

The bipartite double graph, also called the Kronecker cover, Kronecker double cover, bipartite double cover, canonical double cover, or bipartite double, of a given graph G ...

A cubic polyhedral graph is a graph that is both cubic and polyhedral. The numbers of cubical polyhedral graphs on n=2, 4, ... nodes are 0, 1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 50, 233, 1249, ... ...

LCF notation is a concise and convenient notation devised by Joshua Lederberg (winner of the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine) for the representation of cubic ...

The stella octangula is a polyhedron compound composed of a tetrahedron and its dual (a second tetrahedron rotated 180 degrees with respect to the first). The stella ...

The 13 Archimedean dual graphs are the skeletons of the Archimedean dual solids, illustrated above. Since they are polyhedral graphs, they are also planar. However, none of ...

The Bessel differential equation is the linear second-order ordinary differential equation given by x^2(d^2y)/(dx^2)+x(dy)/(dx)+(x^2-n^2)y=0. (1) Equivalently, dividing ...