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An operation on rings and modules. Given a commutative unit ring R, and a subset S of R, closed under multiplication, such that 1 in S, and 0 not in S, the localization of R ...

The concept of a space is an extremely general and important mathematical construct. Members of the space obey certain addition properties. Spaces which have been ...

The normal vector, often simply called the "normal," to a surface is a vector which is perpendicular to the surface at a given point. When normals are considered on closed ...

Let B_t={B_t(omega)/omega in Omega}, t>=0, be one-dimensional Brownian motion. Integration with respect to B_t was defined by Itô (1951). A basic result of the theory is that ...

Let there be n ways for a "good" selection and m ways for a "bad" selection out of a total of n+m possibilities. Take N samples and let x_i equal 1 if selection i is ...

A simple group is a group whose only normal subgroups are the trivial subgroup of order one and the improper subgroup consisting of the entire original group. Simple groups ...

A set of identities involving n-dimensional visible lattice points was discovered by Campbell (1994). Examples include product_((a,b)=1; ...

The q-binomial coefficient is a q-analog for the binomial coefficient, also called a Gaussian coefficient or a Gaussian polynomial. A q-binomial coefficient is given by [n; ...

product_(k=1)^(n)(1+yq^k) = sum_(m=0)^(n)y^mq^(m(m+1)/2)[n; m]_q (1) = sum_(m=0)^(n)y^mq^(m(m+1)/2)((q)_n)/((q)_m(q)_(n-m)), (2) where [n; m]_q is a q-binomial coefficient.

A q-series is series involving coefficients of the form (a;q)_n = product_(k=0)^(n-1)(1-aq^k) (1) = product_(k=0)^(infty)((1-aq^k))/((1-aq^(k+n))) (2) = ...