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The universal cover of a connected topological space X is a simply connected space Y with a map f:Y->X that is a covering map. If X is simply connected, i.e., has a trivial ...

A tree which is not rooted, i.e., a normal tree with no node singled out for special treatment (Skiena 1990, p. 107). Free trees are sometimes known instead as unrooted trees ...

A Hasse diagram is a graphical rendering of a partially ordered set displayed via the cover relation of the partially ordered set with an implied upward orientation. A point ...

Martin Gardner (1975) played an April Fool's joke by asserting that the map of 110 regions illustrated above (left figure) required five colors and constitutes a ...

A series-reduced tree is a tree in which all nodes have degree other than 2 (in other words, no node merely allows a single edge to "pass through"). Series-reduced trees are ...

A leaf of an unrooted tree is a node of vertex degree 1. Note that for a rooted or planted tree, the root vertex is generally not considered a leaf node, whereas all other ...

The hundred-dollar, hundred-digits challenge problems are a set of ten problems in numerical analysis published in the January/February 2002 issue of SIAM News ...

The nonconservation of adiabatic invariants which arises in systems with three or more degrees of freedom.

A Blaschke product is an expression of the form B(z)=z^mproduct_(j=1)^infty-(a^__j)/(|a_j|)B_(a_j)(z), where m is a nonnegative integer and z^_ is the complex conjugate.

If F is the Borel sigma-algebra on some topological space, then a measure m:F->R is said to be a Borel measure (or Borel probability measure). For a Borel measure, all ...