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A geodesic is a locally length-minimizing curve. Equivalently, it is a path that a particle which is not accelerating would follow. In the plane, the geodesics are straight ...

The hyperbolic sine is defined as sinhz=1/2(e^z-e^(-z)). (1) The notation shz is sometimes also used (Gradshteyn and Ryzhik 2000, p. xxix). It is implemented in the Wolfram ...

Number Theory

Generally speaking, a Green's function is an integral kernel that can be used to solve differential equations from a large number of families including simpler examples such ...

A polynomial is a mathematical expression involving a sum of powers in one or more variables multiplied by coefficients. A polynomial in one variable (i.e., a univariate ...

Eigenvalues are a special set of scalars associated with a linear system of equations (i.e., a matrix equation) that are sometimes also known as characteristic roots, ...

The Mathieu functions are the solutions to the Mathieu differential equation (d^2V)/(dv^2)+[a-2qcos(2v)]V=0. (1) Even solutions are denoted C(a,q,v) and odd solutions by ...

A p-adic number is an extension of the field of rationals such that congruences modulo powers of a fixed prime p are related to proximity in the so called "p-adic metric." ...

Geometry is the study of figures in a space of a given number of dimensions and of a given type. The most common types of geometry are plane geometry (dealing with objects ...

A random number is a number chosen as if by chance from some specified distribution such that selection of a large set of these numbers reproduces the underlying ...