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A pretzel graph is a graph with graph genus 3 (West 2000, p. 266). Planar, toroidal graphs, and double-toroidal graphs are therefore not pretzel. Examples of pretzel graphs ...

A nonzero and noninvertible element a of a ring R which generates a prime ideal. It can also be characterized by the condition that whenever a divides a product in R, a ...

Let (X,A,mu) and (Y,B,nu) be measure spaces, let R be the collection of all measurable rectangles contained in X×Y, and let lambda be the premeasure defined on R by ...

A pseudotree is a connected pseudoforest, i.e., an undirected connected graph that contains at most one graph cycle. Connected acyclic graphs (i.e., trees), are therefore ...

Quantization is a nonlinear process which generates additional frequency components (Thompson et al. 1986). This means that the signal is no longer band-limited, so the ...

Qubic is a generalization of tic-tac-toe in which players alternately place pieces to get four in a row (rows, columns, pillars, face diagonals, or space diagonals) on a ...

The quintuple product identity, also called the Watson quintuple product identity, states (1) It can also be written (2) or (3) The quintuple product identity can be written ...

A random closed set (RACS) in R^d is a measurable function from a probability space (Omega,A,P) into (F,Sigma) where F is the collection of all closed subsets of R^d and ...

A quotient of two polynomials P(z) and Q(z), R(z)=(P(z))/(Q(z)), is called a rational function, or sometimes a rational polynomial function. More generally, if P and Q are ...

A recurrence plot is defined as a plot of the quantity R(t,tau)=H(epsilon-||f(t)-f(tau)||), where H(x) is the Heaviside step function and ||f|| denotes a norm. A recurrence ...