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Two lines, vectors, planes, etc., are said to be perpendicular if they meet at a right angle. In R^n, two vectors a and b are perpendicular if their dot product a·b=0. (1) In ...

Polynomials s_k(x;lambda,mu) which are a generalization of the Boole polynomials, form the Sheffer sequence for g(t) = (1+e^(lambdat))^mu (1) f(t) = e^t-1 (2) and have ...

Let a line in three dimensions be specified by two points x_1=(x_1,y_1,z_1) and x_2=(x_2,y_2,z_2) lying on it, so a vector along the line is given by v=[x_1+(x_2-x_1)t; ...

Given an obtuse triangle, the polar circle has center at the orthocenter H. Call H_i the feet. Then the square of the radius r is given by r^2 = HA^_·HH_A^_ (1) = HB^_·HH_B^_ ...

A polyare is a polyform formed from a polyomino by removing of half of each square such that at least half of the original join between squares is retained. The first few ...

A principal nth root omega of unity is a root satisfying the equations omega^n=1 and sum_(i=0)^(n-1)omega^(ij)=0 for j=1, 2, ..., n. Therefore, every primitive root of unity ...

The principal value of an analytic multivalued function is the single value chosen by convention to be returned for a given argument. Complex multivalued functions have ...

A pseudoinverse is a matrix inverse-like object that may be defined for a complex matrix, even if it is not necessarily square. For any given complex matrix, it is possible ...

A mathematical problem, usually not requiring advanced mathematics, to which a solution is desired. Puzzles frequently require the rearrangement of existing pieces (e.g., 15 ...

Let the two-dimensional cylinder function be defined by f(x,y)={1 for r<R; 0 for r>R. (1) Then the Radon transform is given by ...