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The Byzantine generals problem considers a computer with many programs running, some of them possibly unfriendly, and asks how the computer can function properly. More ...

The Cairo tessellation is a tessellation appearing in the streets of Cairo and in many Islamic decorations. Its tiles are obtained by projection of a dodecahedron, and it is ...

Letting Lk be the linking number of the two components of a ribbon, Tw be the twist, and Wr be the writhe, then Lk(K)=Tw(K)+Wr(K). (Adams 1994, p. 187).

A Cartesian product of any finite or infinite set I of copies of Z_2, equipped with the product topology derived from the discrete topology of Z_2. It is denoted Z_2^I. The ...

For any sets A and B, their cardinal numbers satisfy |A|<=|B| iff there is a one-to-one function f from A into B (Rubin 1967, p. 266; Suppes 1972, pp. 94 and 116). It is easy ...

Carmichael's conjecture asserts that there are an infinite number of Carmichael numbers. This was proven by Alford et al. (1994).

According to Pólya, the Cartesian pattern is the resolution method for arithmetical or geometrical problems based on equations. The first step is to translate the question ...

A Cartesian tensor is a tensor in three-dimensional Euclidean space. Unlike general tensors, there is no distinction between covariant and contravariant indices for Cartesian ...

A game in which no draw is possible. Steinhaus (1999, p. 16) stated that all categorical games are unfair, but this is incorrect. For example, the game "Odds or Evens" pits ...

The curve which is the envelope of reflected (catacaustic) or refracted (diacaustic) rays of a given curve for a light source at a given point (known as the radiant point).