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The toroidal crossing number cr_(1)(G) of a graph G is the minimum number of crossings with which G can be drawn on a torus. A planar graph has toroidal crossing number 0, ...

A trace form on an arbitrary algebra A is a symmetric bilinear form (x,y) such that (xy,z)=(x,yz) for all x,y,z in A (Schafer 1996, p. 24).

The engineering terminology for one use of Fourier transforms. By breaking up a wave pulse into its frequency spectrum f_nu=F(nu)e^(2piinut), (1) the entire signal can be ...

The transitive reduction of a binary relation R on a set X is the minimum relation R^' on X with the same transitive closure as R. Thus aR^'b for any elements a and b of X, ...

The triangle space T is the set of triples (a,b,c) of real numbers that are side lengths of a (Euclidean) triangle, i.e., T={(a,b,c):0<a<b+c,0<b<c+a,0<c<a+b} (Kimberling ...

Construction of the angle pi/3=60 degrees produces a 30-60-90 triangle, which has angles theta=pi/3 and theta/2=pi/6. From the above diagram, write y=sintheta for the ...

Construction of the angle pi/6=30 degrees produces a 30-60-90 triangle, which has angles theta=pi/6 and 2theta=pi/3. From the above diagram, write y=sintheta for the vertical ...

A tubular neighborhood of a submanifold N in M is an embedding of the normal bundle (nu_N) of N into M, i.e., f:nu_N->M, where the image of the zero section of the normal ...

A multiplicative character is called unitary if it has absolute value 1 everywhere.

Given two intersecting lines, the two nonadjacent angles with the same vertex are said to be vertical angles. One can easily prove that vertical angles are congruent. Some ...