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Several different types of checkerboards are used in different variants of the game of checkers. The usual checkerboard is the one used in so-called "pool checkers," also ...

A chordless graph is a simple graph possessing no chords. A chordal graph (which possesses no chordless cycles) is not the same as (or converse of) a chordless graph (which ...

The circumsphere of given set of points, commonly the vertices of a solid, is a sphere that passes through all the points. A circumsphere does not always exist, but when it ...

Consider a combination lock consisting of n buttons that can be pressed in any combination (including multiple buttons at once), but in such a way that each number is pressed ...

Let A^~, B^~, ... be operators. Then the commutator of A^~ and B^~ is defined as [A^~,B^~]=A^~B^~-B^~A^~. (1) Let a, b, ... be constants, then identities include [f(x),x] = 0 ...

If V and W are Banach spaces and T:V->W is a bounded linear operator, the T is said to be a compact operator if it maps the unit ball of V into a relatively compact subset of ...

The companion matrix to a monic polynomial a(x)=a_0+a_1x+...+a_(n-1)x^(n-1)+x^n (1) is the n×n square matrix A=[0 0 ... 0 -a_0; 1 0 ... 0 -a_1; 0 1 ... 0 -a_2; | | ... ... |; ...

A complex number may be taken to the power of another complex number. In particular, complex exponentiation satisfies (a+bi)^(c+di)=(a^2+b^2)^((c+id)/2)e^(i(c+id)arg(a+ib)), ...

Two complex numbers x=a+ib and y=c+id are multiplied as follows: xy = (a+ib)(c+id) (1) = ac+ibc+iad-bd (2) = (ac-bd)+i(ad+bc). (3) In component form, ...

The composite number problem asks if for a given positive integer N there exist positive integers m and n such that N=mn. The complexity of the composite number problem was ...