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Affine functions represent vector-valued functions of the form f(x_1,...,x_n)=A_1x_1+...+A_nx_n+b. The coefficients can be scalars or dense or sparse matrices. The constant ...

A number which can be represented by a finite number of additions, subtractions, multiplications, divisions, and finite square root extractions of integers. Such numbers ...

The Mathieu functions are the solutions to the Mathieu differential equation (d^2V)/(dv^2)+[a-2qcos(2v)]V=0. (1) Even solutions are denoted C(a,q,v) and odd solutions by ...

An analog of the determinant for number triangles defined as a signed sum indexed by set partitions of {1,...,n} into pairs of elements. The Pfaffian is the square root of ...

The Frobenius norm, sometimes also called the Euclidean norm (a term unfortunately also used for the vector L^2-norm), is matrix norm of an m×n matrix A defined as the square ...

The number of representations of n by k squares, allowing zeros and distinguishing signs and order, is denoted r_k(n). The special case k=2 corresponding to two squares is ...

Andrica's conjecture states that, for p_n the nth prime number, the inequality A_n=sqrt(p_(n+1))-sqrt(p_n)<1 holds, where the discrete function A_n is plotted above. The ...

An extension F of a field K is said to be algebraic if every element of F is algebraic over K (i.e., is the root of a nonzero polynomial with coefficients in K).

An equation of the form y=ax^3+bx^2+cx+d where only one root is real.

If r is a root of a nonzero polynomial equation a_nx^n+a_(n-1)x^(n-1)+...+a_1x+a_0=0, (1) where the a_is are integers (or equivalently, rational numbers) and r satisfies no ...