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An n-dimensional open ball of radius r is the collection of points of distance less than r from a fixed point in Euclidean n-space. Explicitly, the open ball with center x ...

The plane spanned by the three points x(t), x(t+h_1), and x(t+h_2) on a curve as h_1,h_2->0. Let z be a point on the osculating plane, then [(z-x),x^',x^('')]=0, where ...

The fraction eta of a volume filled by a given collection of solids.

The specification of a curve, surface, etc., by means of one or more variables which are allowed to take on values in a given specified range.

The set of all points x that can be put into one-to-one correspondence with sets of essentially distinct values of five homogeneous coordinates x_0:x_1:x_2:x_3:x_4, not all ...

Through any point in the plane, there is at most one straight line parallel to a given straight line. This axiom is equivalent to the parallel postulate.

A spherical shell is a generalization of an annulus to three dimensions. A spherical shell is therefore the region between two concentric spheres of differing radii. The ...

The volume of a spherical wedge is V=2/3r^3theta. The surface area of the corresponding spherical lune is S=2r^2theta.

The set of all points x that can be put into one-to-one correspondence with sets of essentially distinct values of four homogeneous coordinates x_0:x_1:x_2:x_3, not all ...

A surface of revolution obtained by rotating a closed plane curve about an axis parallel to the plane which does not intersect the curve. The simplest toroid is the torus. ...