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The Thomson problem is to determine the stable equilibrium positions of n classical electrons constrained to move on the surface of a sphere and repelling each other by an ...

A face-centered cubic sphere packing obtained by placing layers of spheres one on top of another. Because there are two distinct ways to place each layer on top of the ...

A (symmetrical) boundary set of radius r and center x_0 is the set of all points x such that |x-x_0|=r. Let x_0 be the origin. In R^1, the boundary set is then the pair of ...

The extended complex plane is the name given to the complex plane with a point at infinity attached: C union {infty^~}, where infty^~ denotes complex infinity. It is also ...

The corkscrew surface, sometimes also called the twisted sphere (Gray 1997, p. 477), is a surface obtained by extending a sphere along a diameter and then twisting. It can be ...

A subset of an algebraic variety which is itself a variety. Every variety is a subvariety of itself; other subvarieties are called proper subvarieties. A sphere of the ...

To color any map on the sphere or the plane requires at most six-colors. This number can easily be reduced to five, and the four-color theorem demonstrates that the necessary ...

Let a spherical triangle be drawn on the surface of a sphere of radius R, centered at a point O=(0,0,0), with vertices A, B, and C. The vectors from the center of the sphere ...

A conic projection of points on a unit sphere centered at O consists of extending the line OS for each point S until it intersects a cone with apex A which tangent to the ...

A spherical segment is the solid defined by cutting a sphere with a pair of parallel planes. It can be thought of as a spherical cap with the top truncated, and so it ...