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If there is no integer 0<x<p such that x^2=q (mod p), i.e., if the congruence (35) has no solution, then q is said to be a quadratic nonresidue (mod p). If the congruence ...

The set theory symbol aleph_0 refers to a set having the same cardinal number as the "small" infinite set of integers. The symbol aleph_0 is often pronounced "aleph-null" ...

A class of curve defined at integer values which hops from one value to another. Their name derives from the Greek word betaalphataurhoalphachiiotaomicronnu batrachion, which ...

The bootstrap method is a computer-based method for assigning measures of accuracy to sample estimates (Efron and Tibshirani 1994). This technique allows estimation of the ...

An algorithm which can be used to find a good, but not necessarily minimal, edge or vertex coloring for a graph. However, the algorithm does minimally color complete ...

The expression im kleinen is German and means "on a small scale." A topological space is connected im kleinen at a point x if every neighborhood U of x contains an open ...

A condition in numerical equation solving which states that, given a space discretization, a time step bigger than some computable quantity should not be taken. The condition ...

Also known as "Laplacian" determinant expansion by minors, expansion by minors is a technique for computing the determinant of a given square matrix M. Although efficient for ...

The dodecahedron has four stellations: the original dodecahedron, small stellated dodecahedron, great dodecahedron, and great stellated dodecahedron (Wenninger 1989, pp. 35 ...

A device consisting of two coupled pendula, usually oscillating at right angles to each other, which are attached to a pen. The resulting motion can produce beautiful, ...