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The orthogonal decomposition of a matrix into lower trapezoidal matrices.

In determinant expansion by minors, the minimal number of transpositions of adjacent columns in a square matrix needed to turn the matrix representing a permutation of ...

A quadrilateral, sometimes also known as a tetragon or quadrangle (Johnson 1929, p. 61) is a four-sided polygon. If not explicitly stated, all four polygon vertices are ...

Let ||A|| be the matrix norm associated with the matrix A and |x| be the vector norm associated with a vector x. Let the product Ax be defined, then ||A|| and |x| are said to ...

The Sombor energy of a graph is defined as the graph energy of its Sombor matrix, i.e., the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of its Sombor matrix.

A linear system of equations is a set of n linear equations in k variables (sometimes called "unknowns"). Linear systems can be represented in matrix form as the matrix ...

A hyperboloid is a quadratic surface which may be one- or two-sheeted. The one-sheeted hyperboloid is a surface of revolution obtained by rotating a hyperbola about the ...

The Randić energy of a graph is defined as the graph energy of its Randić matrix, i.e., the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of its Randić matrix.

A p-variate multivariate normal distribution (also called a multinormal distribution) is a generalization of the bivariate normal distribution. The p-multivariate ...

If X_i for i=1, ..., m has a multivariate normal distribution with mean vector mu=0 and covariance matrix Sigma, and X denotes the m×p matrix composed of the row vectors X_i, ...