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A Cartesian tensor is a tensor in three-dimensional Euclidean space. Unlike general tensors, there is no distinction between covariant and contravariant indices for Cartesian ...

If g(x) is differentiable at the point x and f(x) is differentiable at the point g(x), then f degreesg is differentiable at x. Furthermore, let y=f(g(x)) and u=g(x), then ...

A method for numerical solution of a second-order ordinary differential equation y^('')=f(x,y) first expounded by Gauss. It proceeds by introducing a function delta^(-2)f ...

The word "harmonic" has several distinct meanings in mathematics, none of which is obviously related to the others. Simple harmonic motion or "harmonic oscillation" refers to ...

A semi-Riemannian manifold M=(M,g) is said to be Lorentzian if dim(M)>=2 and if the index I=I_g associated with the metric tensor g satisfies I=1. Alternatively, a smooth ...

Low-dimensional topology usually deals with objects that are two-, three-, or four-dimensional in nature. Properly speaking, low-dimensional topology should be part of ...

A nonnegative function g(x,y) describing the "distance" between neighboring points for a given set. A metric satisfies the triangle inequality g(x,y)+g(y,z)>=g(x,z) (1) and ...

The index I associated to a symmetric, non-degenerate, and bilinear g over a finite-dimensional vector space V is a nonnegative integer defined by I=max_(W in S)(dimW) where ...

The solutions to the Riemann P-differential equation are known as the Riemann P-series, or sometimes the Riemann P-function, given by u(z)=P{a b c; alpha beta gamma; alpha^' ...

A smooth manifold M=(M,g) is said to be semi-Riemannian if the indexMetric Tensor Index of g is nonzero. Alternatively, a smooth manifold is semi-Riemannian provided that it ...