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Two knots are pass equivalent if there exists a sequence of pass moves taking one to the other. Every knot is either pass equivalent to the unknot or trefoil knot. These two ...

A patch (also called a local surface) is a differentiable mapping x:U->R^n, where U is an open subset of R^2. More generally, if A is any subset of R^2, then a map x:A->R^n ...

Let Y^X be the set of continuous mappings f:X->Y. Then the topological space Y^X supplied with the compact-open topology is called a mapping space. If (Y,*) is a pointed ...

The pathwidth of a graph G, also called the interval thickness, vertex separation number, and node searching number, is one less than the size of the largest set in a path ...

According to G. Pólya, the method of finding geometric objects by intersection. 1. For example, the centers of all circles tangent to a straight line s at a given point P lie ...

Given an integer e>=2, the Payam number E_+/-(e) is the smallest positive odd integer k such that for every positive integer n, the number k·2^n+/-1 is not divisible by any ...

The eighth proposition in the third book of the Elements is one of Euclid's most complex propositions. It shows that a segment through an outside point D and a circle is ...

The Peano-Gosper curve is a plane-filling function originally called a "flowsnake" by R. W. Gosper and M. Gardner. Mandelbrot (1977) subsequently coined the name Peano-Gosper ...

The theory of natural numbers defined by the five Peano's axioms. Paris and Harrington (1977) gave the first "natural" example of a statement which is true for the integers ...

A number of fractal curves are associated with Peano. The Peano curve is the fractal curve illustrated above which can be written as a Lindenmayer system. The nth iteration ...