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The taxicab metric, also called the Manhattan distance, is the metric of the Euclidean plane defined by g((x_1,y_1),(x_2,y_2))=|x_1-x_2|+|y_1-y_2|, for all points ...

The voter model is a simple mathematical model of opinion formation in which voters are located at the nodes of a network, each voter has an opinion (in the simplest case, 0 ...

A k-subset is a subset of a set on n elements containing exactly k elements. The number of k-subsets on n elements is therefore given by the binomial coefficient (n; k). For ...

Let v be a n-vector whose entries are each 1 (with probability p) or 0 (with probability q=1-p). An s-run is an isolated group of s consecutive 1s. Ignoring the boundaries, ...

Let a chess piece make a tour on an n×n chessboard whose squares are numbered from 1 to n^2 along the path of the chess piece. Then the tour is called a magic tour if the ...

A rooted tree is a tree in which a special ("labeled") node is singled out. This node is called the "root" or (less commonly) "eve" of the tree. Rooted trees are equivalent ...

The "15 puzzle" is a sliding square puzzle commonly (but incorrectly) attributed to Sam Loyd. However, research by Slocum and Sonneveld (2006) has revealed that Sam Loyd did ...

Bridge is a card game played with a normal deck of 52 cards. The number of possible distinct 13-card hands is N=(52; 13)=635013559600, (1) where (n; k) is a binomial ...

A fiber bundle (also called simply a bundle) with fiber F is a map f:E->B where E is called the total space of the fiber bundle and B the base space of the fiber bundle. The ...

In celestial mechanics, the fixed path a planet traces as it moves around the sun is called an orbit. When a group G acts on a set X (this process is called a group action), ...