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Every finite Abelian group can be written as a group direct product of cyclic groups of prime power group orders. In fact, the number of nonisomorphic Abelian finite groups ...

Given an m×n matrix A and a p×q matrix B, their Kronecker product C=A tensor B, also called their matrix direct product, is an (mp)×(nq) matrix with elements defined by ...

If theta is a given irrational number, then the sequence of numbers {ntheta}, where {x}=x-|_x_|, is dense in the unit interval. Explicitly, given any alpha, 0<=alpha<=1, and ...

The most general form of this theorem states that in a commutative unit ring R, the height of every proper ideal I generated by n elements is at most n. Equality is attained ...

An algorithm for finding a graph's spanning tree of minimum length. It sorts the edges of a graph in order of increasing cost and then repeatedly adds edges that bridge ...

For every positive integer n, there exists a sphere which has exactly n lattice points on its surface. The sphere is given by the equation ...

The Kuratowski reduction theorem states that very nonplanar graph contains either the utility graph UG=K_(3,3) or the pentatope graph K_5 as a graph minor. The graphs K_(3,3) ...

An attractive tiling of the square composed of two types of triangular tiles. It consists of 16 equilateral triangles and 32 15 degrees-15 degrees-150 degrees isosceles ...

A procedure for decomposing an N×N matrix A into a product of a lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U, LU=A. (1) LU decomposition is implemented in the ...

Let P(N) denote the number of primes of the form n^2+1 for 1<=n<=N, then P(N)∼0.68641li(N), (1) where li(N) is the logarithmic integral (Shanks 1960, pp. 321-332). Let Q(N) ...