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An orientation of an undirected graph G is an assignment of exactly one direction to each of the edges of G. Only connected, bridgeless graphs can have a strong orientation ...

The kth power of a graph G is a graph with the same set of vertices as G and an edge between two vertices iff there is a path of length at most k between them (Skiena 1990, ...

The radius of a graph is the minimum graph eccentricity of any graph vertex in a graph. A disconnected graph therefore has infinite radius (West 2000, p. 71). Graph radius is ...

The skewness of a graph G is the minimum number of edges whose removal results in a planar graph (Harary 1994, p. 124). The skewness is sometimes denoted mu(G) (Cimikowski ...

Graph smoothing, also known as smoothing away or smoothing out, is the process of replacing edges e^'=v_iv_j and e^('')=v_jv_k incident at a vertex v_j of vertex degree 2 by ...

An edge subdivision is the insertion of a new vertex v_j in the middle of an exiting edge e=v_iv_k accompanied by the joining of the original edge endpoints with the new ...

The graph sum of graphs G and H is the graph with adjacency matrix given by the sum of adjacency matrices of G and H. A graph sum is defined when the orders of G and H are ...

The union G=G_1 union G_2 of graphs G_1 and G_2 with disjoint point sets V_1 and V_2 and edge sets X_1 and X_2 is the graph with V=V_1 union V_2 and X=X_1 union X_2 (Harary ...

Suppose that G is a pseudograph, E is the edge set of G, and C is the family of edge sets of graph cycles of G. Then C obeys the axioms for the circuits of a matroid, and ...

A graphoid consists of a set M of elements together with two collections C and D of nonempty subsets of M, called circuits and cocircuits respectively, such that 1. For any C ...