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Given an m×n matrix A and a p×q matrix B, their Kronecker product C=A tensor B, also called their matrix direct product, is an (mp)×(nq) matrix with elements defined by ...

If theta is a given irrational number, then the sequence of numbers {ntheta}, where {x}=x-|_x_|, is dense in the unit interval. Explicitly, given any alpha, 0<=alpha<=1, and ...

The most general form of this theorem states that in a commutative unit ring R, the height of every proper ideal I generated by n elements is at most n. Equality is attained ...

An algorithm for finding a graph's spanning tree of minimum length. It sorts the edges of a graph in order of increasing cost and then repeatedly adds edges that bridge ...

For every positive integer n, there exists a sphere which has exactly n lattice points on its surface. The sphere is given by the equation ...

Given a series of positive terms u_i and a sequence of finite positive constants a_i, let rho=lim_(n->infty)(a_n(u_n)/(u_(n+1))-a_(n+1)). 1. If rho>0, the series converges. ...

The Kuratowski reduction theorem states that very nonplanar graph contains either the utility graph UG=K_(3,3) or the pentatope graph K_5 as a graph minor. The graphs K_(3,3) ...

An attractive tiling of the square composed of two types of triangular tiles. It consists of 16 equilateral triangles and 32 15 degrees-15 degrees-150 degrees isosceles ...

Informally, an L^2-function is a function f:X->R that is square integrable, i.e., |f|^2=int_X|f|^2dmu with respect to the measure mu, exists (and is finite), in which case ...

The l^2-norm (also written "l^2-norm") |x| is a vector norm defined for a complex vector x=[x_1; x_2; |; x_n] (1) by |x|=sqrt(sum_(k=1)^n|x_k|^2), (2) where |x_k| on the ...