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Two lines, vectors, planes, etc., are said to be perpendicular if they meet at a right angle. In R^n, two vectors a and b are perpendicular if their dot product a·b=0. (1) In ...

Polynomials s_k(x;lambda,mu) which are a generalization of the Boole polynomials, form the Sheffer sequence for g(t) = (1+e^(lambdat))^mu (1) f(t) = e^t-1 (2) and have ...

The representation, beloved of engineers and physicists, of a complex number in terms of a complex exponential x+iy=|z|e^(iphi), (1) where i (called j by engineers) is the ...

A function is said to be piecewise constant if it is locally constant in connected regions separated by a possibly infinite number of lower-dimensional boundaries. The ...

Given an obtuse triangle, the polar circle has center at the orthocenter H. Call H_i the feet. Then the square of the radius r is given by r^2 = HA^_·HH_A^_ (1) = HB^_·HH_B^_ ...

A polyare is a polyform formed from a polyomino by removing of half of each square such that at least half of the original join between squares is retained. The first few ...

An algorithm is said to be solvable in polynomial time if the number of steps required to complete the algorithm for a given input is O(n^k) for some nonnegative integer k, ...

A proof by contradiction establishes the truth of a given proposition by the supposition that it is false and the subsequent drawing of a conclusion that is contradictory to ...

A pseudoinverse is a matrix inverse-like object that may be defined for a complex matrix, even if it is not necessarily square. For any given complex matrix, it is possible ...

A mathematical problem, usually not requiring advanced mathematics, to which a solution is desired. Puzzles frequently require the rearrangement of existing pieces (e.g., 15 ...