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The norm of a mathematical object is a quantity that in some (possibly abstract) sense describes the length, size, or extent of the object. Norms exist for complex numbers ...

By asking a small number of innocent-sounding questions about an unknown number, it is possible to reconstruct the number with absolute certainty (assuming that the questions ...

Informally, a function f is a one-way function if 1. The description of f is publicly known and does not require any secret information for its operation. 2. Given x, it is ...

The probability density function (PDF) P(x) of a continuous distribution is defined as the derivative of the (cumulative) distribution function D(x), D^'(x) = ...

A well-known nursery rhyme states, "As I was going to St. Ives, I met a man with seven wives. Every wife had seven sacks, every sack had seven cats, every cat had seven ...

A subset is a portion of a set. B is a subset of A (written B subset= A) iff every member of B is a member of A. If B is a proper subset of A (i.e., a subset other than the ...

A sequence {x_1,x_2,...} is equidistributed iff lim_(N->infty)1/Nsum_(n<N)e^(2piimx_n)=0 for each m=1, 2, .... A consequence of this result is that the sequence {frac(nx)} is ...

666 is the occult "number of the beast," also called the "sign of the devil" (Wang 1994), associated in the Bible with the Antichrist. It has figured in many numerological ...

The number of digits D in an integer n is the number of numbers in some base (usually 10) required to represent it. The numbers 1 to 9 are therefore single digits, while the ...

The absolute value of a real number x is denoted |x| and defined as the "unsigned" portion of x, |x| = xsgn(x) (1) = {-x for x<=0; x for x>=0, (2) where sgn(x) is the sign ...