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The exponent laws, also called the laws of indices (Higgens 1998) or power rules (Derbyshire 2004, p. 65), are the rules governing the combination of exponents (powers). The ...

The study of an extension of derivatives and integrals to noninteger orders. Fractional calculus is based on the definition of the fractional integral as ...

Gauss's theorema egregium states that the Gaussian curvature of a surface embedded in three-space may be understood intrinsically to that surface. "Residents" of the surface ...

A global field is either a number field, a function field on an algebraic curve, or an extension of transcendence degree one over a finite field. From a modern point of view, ...

Let sigma(n) be the divisor function. Then lim sup_(n->infty)(sigma(n))/(nlnlnn)=e^gamma, where gamma is the Euler-Mascheroni constant. Ramanujan independently discovered a ...

In the hyperbolic plane H^2, a pair of lines can be parallel (diverging from one another in one direction and intersecting at an ideal point at infinity in the other), can ...

The illustrations above show a number of hyperbolic tilings, including the heptagonal once related to the Klein quartic. Escher was fond of depicting hyperbolic tilings, ...

An integral of the form intf(z)dz, (1) i.e., without upper and lower limits, also called an antiderivative. The first fundamental theorem of calculus allows definite ...

Let M be a bounded set in the plane, i.e., M is contained entirely within a rectangle. The outer Jordan measure of M is the greatest lower bound of the areas of the coverings ...

If any set of points is displaced by X^idx_i where all distance relationships are unchanged (i.e., there is an isometry), then the vector field is called a Killing vector. ...