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A system of curvilinear coordinates for which several different notations are commonly used. In this work (u,v,phi) is used, whereas Arfken (1970) uses (xi,eta,phi) and Moon ...

The Weierstrass constant is defined as the value sigma(1|1,i)/2, where sigma(z|omega_1,omega_2) is the Weierstrass sigma function with half-periods omega_1 and omega_2. ...

The Buffon-Laplace needle problem asks to find the probability P(l,a,b) that a needle of length l will land on at least one line, given a floor with a grid of equally spaced ...

The universal cover of a connected topological space X is a simply connected space Y with a map f:Y->X that is a covering map. If X is simply connected, i.e., has a trivial ...

The confluent hypergeometric function of the first kind _1F_1(a;b;z) is a degenerate form of the hypergeometric function _2F_1(a,b;c;z) which arises as a solution the ...

An order-n Costas array is a permutation on {1,...,n} such that the distances in each row of the triangular difference table are distinct. For example, the permutation ...

The Archimedean duals are the 13 duals of the 13 Archimedean solids, sometimes called the Catalan solids. They are summarized in the following table and illustrated below ...

Baire's category theorem, also known as Baire's theorem and the category theorem, is a result in analysis and set theory which roughly states that in certain spaces, the ...

The curlicue fractal is a figure obtained by the following procedure. Let s be an irrational number. Begin with a line segment of unit length, which makes an angle phi_0=0 to ...

An optical illusion named after British psychologist James Fraser, who first studied the illusion in 1908 (Fraser 1908). The illusion is also known as the false spiral, or by ...