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An estimator is a rule that tells how to calculate an estimate based on the measurements contained in a sample. For example, the sample mean x^_ is an estimator for the ...

An outlier is an observation that lies outside the overall pattern of a distribution (Moore and McCabe 1999). Usually, the presence of an outlier indicates some sort of ...

Using a Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind T(x), define c_j = 2/Nsum_(k=1)^(N)f(x_k)T_j(x_k) (1) = 2/Nsum_(k=1)^(N)f[cos{(pi(k-1/2))/N}]cos{(pij(k-1/2))/N}. (2) Then f(x) ...

Division by zero is the operation of taking the quotient of any number x and 0, i.e., x/0. The uniqueness of division breaks down when dividing by zero, since the product ...

A method for numerical solution of a second-order ordinary differential equation y^('')=f(x,y) first expounded by Gauss. It proceeds by introducing a function delta^(-2)f ...

The 2-point Newton-Cotes formula int_(x_1)^(x_2)f(x)dx=1/2h(f_1+f_2)-1/(12)h^3f^('')(xi), where f_i=f(x_i), h is the separation between the points, and xi is a point ...

erf(z) is the "error function" encountered in integrating the normal distribution (which is a normalized form of the Gaussian function). It is an entire function defined by ...

Erfc is the complementary error function, commonly denoted erfc(z), is an entire function defined by erfc(z) = 1-erf(z) (1) = 2/(sqrt(pi))int_z^inftye^(-t^2)dt. (2) It is ...

A sophisticated checksum (often abbreviated CRC), which is based on the algebra of polynomials over the integers (mod 2). It is substantially more reliable in detecting ...

Let X_1 and X_2 be the number of successes in variates taken from two populations. Define p^^_1 = (x_1)/(n_1) (1) p^^_2 = (x_2)/(n_2). (2) The estimator of the difference is ...