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The constant pi, denoted pi, is a real number defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference C to its diameter d=2r, pi = C/d (1) = C/(2r) (2) pi has decimal expansion ...

There are many formulas of pi of many types. Among others, these include series, products, geometric constructions, limits, special values, and pi iterations. pi is ...

A root of a polynomial P(z) is a number z_i such that P(z_i)=0. The fundamental theorem of algebra states that a polynomial P(z) of degree n has n roots, some of which may be ...

The product of primes p_n#=product_(k=1)^np_k, (1) with p_n the nth prime, is called the primorial function, by analogy with the factorial function. Its logarithm is closely ...

The (small) rhombicuboctahedron (Cundy and Rowlett 1989, p. 105), sometimes simply called the rhombicuboctahedron (Wenninger 1989, p. 27; Maeder 1997, Conway et al. 1999), is ...

To pick a random point on the surface of a unit sphere, it is incorrect to select spherical coordinates theta and phi from uniform distributions theta in [0,2pi) and phi in ...

A superellipse is a curve with Cartesian equation |x/a|^r+|y/b|^r=1, (1) first discussed in 1818 by Lamé. A superellipse may be described parametrically by x = acos^(2/r)t ...

The truncated icosahedron is the 32-faced Archimedean solid with 60 vertices corresponding to the facial arrangement 20{6}+12{5}. It is also the uniform polyhedron with ...

A universal cellular automaton is a cellular automaton which, like a Turing machine, exhibits universality. von Neumann proved that an automaton consisting of cells with four ...

Abstract Algebra