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The number of equivalent hyperspheres in n dimensions which can touch an equivalent hypersphere without any intersections, also sometimes called the Newton number, contact ...

The Koch snowflake is a fractal curve, also known as the Koch island, which was first described by Helge von Koch in 1904. It is built by starting with an equilateral ...

The self-describing sequence consisting of "blocks" of single and double 1s and 2s, where a "block" is a single digit or pair of digits that is different from the digit (or ...

The Kronecker symbol is an extension of the Jacobi symbol (n/m) to all integers. It is variously written as (n/m) or (n/m) (Cohn 1980; Weiss 1998, p. 236) or (n|m) (Dickson ...

The Laguerre polynomials are solutions L_n(x) to the Laguerre differential equation with nu=0. They are illustrated above for x in [0,1] and n=1, 2, ..., 5, and implemented ...

Let S(x) denote the number of positive integers not exceeding x which can be expressed as a sum of two squares (i.e., those n<=x such that the sum of squares function ...

The least common multiple of two numbers a and b, variously denoted LCM(a,b) (this work; Zwillinger 1996, p. 91; Råde and Westergren 2004, p. 54), lcm(a,b) (Gellert et al. ...

The lemniscate, also called the lemniscate of Bernoulli, is a polar curve defined as the locus of points such that the the product of distances from two fixed points (-a,0) ...

A one-person game played on a rectangular lattice of lamps which can be turned on and off. A move consists of flipping a "switch" inside one of the squares, thereby toggling ...

A graph G is said to be locally X, where X is a graph (or class of graphs), when for every vertex v, the graph induced on G by the set of adjacent vertices of V (sometimes ...