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Let p be an odd prime, a be a positive number such that pa (i.e., p does not divide a), and let x be one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., p-1. Then there is a unique x^', called ...

The kernel of a symmetric bilinear form Q:V×V-->R is the set Ker(Q)={v in V|Q(v,w)=0 for all w in V}.

A class number formula is a finite series giving exactly the class number of a ring. For a ring of quadratic integers, the class number is denoted h(d), where d is the ...

An equation of the form f(x)=b (mod m), (1) where the values of 0<=x<m for which the equation holds are sought. Such an equation may have none, one, or many solutions. There ...

Qualitatively, a deep theorem is a theorem whose proof is long, complicated, difficult, or appears to involve branches of mathematics which are not obviously related to the ...

The Diophantine equation x^2+y^2=p can be solved for p a prime iff p=1 (mod 4) or p=2. The representation is unique except for changes of sign or rearrangements of x and y. ...

Lagrange's continued fraction theorem, proved by Lagrange in 1770, states that any positive quadratic surd sqrt(a) has a regular continued fraction which is periodic after ...

If all the eigenvalues of a real matrix A have real parts, then to an arbitrary negative definite quadratic form (x,Wx) with x=x(t) there corresponds a positive definite ...

The term perfect square is used to refer to a square number, a perfect square dissection, or a factorable quadratic polynomial of the form a^2+/-2ab+b^2=(a+/-b)^2.

The regulator of a number field K is a positive number associated with K. The regulator of an imaginary quadratic field is 1 and that of a real quadratic, imaginary cubic, or ...