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sum_(n=0)^(N-1)e^(inx) = (1-e^(iNx))/(1-e^(ix)) (1) = (-e^(iNx/2)(e^(-iNx/2)-e^(iNx/2)))/(-e^(ix/2)(e^(-ix/2)-e^(ix/2))) (2) = (sin(1/2Nx))/(sin(1/2x))e^(ix(N-1)/2), (3) ...

The field axioms are generally written in additive and multiplicative pairs. name addition multiplication associativity (a+b)+c=a+(b+c) (ab)c=a(bc) commutativity a+b=b+a ...

The Fourier transform of the generalized function 1/x is given by F_x(-PV1/(pix))(k) = -1/piPVint_(-infty)^infty(e^(-2piikx))/xdx (1) = ...

The free product G*H of groups G and H is the set of elements of the form g_1h_1g_2h_2...g_rh_r, where g_i in G and h_i in H, with g_1 and h_r possibly equal to e, the ...

_2F_1(-1/2,-1/2;1;h^2) = sum_(n=0)^(infty)(1/2; n)^2h^(2n) (1) = 1+1/4h^2+1/(64)h^4+1/(256)h^6+... (2) (OEIS A056981 and A056982), where _2F_1(a,b;c;x) is a hypergeometric ...

A geometric sequence is a sequence {a_k}, k=0, 1, ..., such that each term is given by a multiple r of the previous one. Another equivalent definition is that a sequence is ...

A group set is a set whose elements are acted on by a group. If the group G acts on the set S, then S is called a G-set. Let G be a group and let S be a G-set. Then for every ...

A ring that is commutative under multiplication, has a multiplicative identity element, and has no divisors of 0. The integers form an integral domain.

A linear transformation of period two. Since a linear transformation has the form, lambda^'=(alphalambda+beta)/(gammalambda+delta), (1) applying the transformation a second ...

A square matrix A such that A^2=I, where I is the identity matrix. An involutory matrix is its own matrix inverse.