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The pseudosquare L_p modulo the odd prime p is the least nonsquare positive integer that is congruent to 1 (mod 8) and for which the Legendre symbol (L_p/q)=1 for all odd ...

A point lattice is a regularly spaced array of points. In the plane, point lattices can be constructed having unit cells in the shape of a square, rectangle, hexagon, etc. ...

Separation of variables is a method of solving ordinary and partial differential equations. For an ordinary differential equation (dy)/(dx)=g(x)f(y), (1) where f(y)is nonzero ...

Pre-Algebra

Given any straight line and a point not on it, there "exists one and only one straight line which passes" through that point and never intersects the first line, no matter ...

The conjugate gradient method can be applied on the normal equations. The CGNE and CGNR methods are variants of this approach that are the simplest methods for nonsymmetric ...

A primitive polynomial is a polynomial that generates all elements of an extension field from a base field. Primitive polynomials are also irreducible polynomials. For any ...

A pseudoprime is a composite number that passes a test or sequence of tests that fail for most composite numbers. Unfortunately, some authors drop the "composite" ...

The metric of Felix Klein's model for hyperbolic geometry, g_(11) = (a^2(1-x_2^2))/((1-x_1^2-x_2^2)^2) (1) g_(12) = (a^2x_1x_2)/((1-x_1^2-x_2^2)^2) (2) g_(22) = ...

The metric ds^2=(dx^2+dy^2)/((1-x^2-y^2)^2) for the Poincaré hyperbolic disk, which is a model for hyperbolic geometry. The hyperbolic metric is invariant under conformal ...