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A p×q submatrix of an m×n matrix (with p<=m, q<=n) is a p×q matrix formed by taking a block of the entries of this size from the original matrix.

A module over a ring that is contained in and has the same addition as another module over the same ring.

The relationship x succeeds (or follows) y is written x≻y. The relation x succeeds or is equal to y is written x>=y.

A real-linear vector space H equipped with a symplectic form s.

A system of equations is any set of simultaneous equations.

A tangent point of two similar curves.

A vector field is a section of its tangent bundle, meaning that to every point x in a manifold M, a vector X(x) in T_xM is associated, where T_x is the tangent space.

Two curves are tangent externally at a point P if they lie on opposite sides of their common tangent at P

Two curves are tangent internally at a point P if they lie on the same side of their common tangent at P

The polygon formed by the lines tangent to the circumcircle of a polygon. The tangential polygon of an n-gon is itself an n-gon.